X. Liu et al. (2020) |
China |
Case control study |
∙ Transferred to the isolation ward (30 January 2020 and 15 February 2020) |
52 |
Covid-19 suspected group |
∙ Significantly higher level of stress, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance in Covid-19 suspected group |
∙ Covid-19 suspected group: 21 |
∙ Mean age=43.1 |
∙ Antibiotic, antiviral therapy |
∙ Male:Female=9:12 |
∙ Control group: 30 |
∙ Control group |
∙ Psychiatric medications |
∙ Mean age=45.0 |
∙ Male:Female=15:15 |
J. Ma et al. (2020) |
China |
Case control study |
∙ Isolated (from 10 January 2020 to 30 April 2020), due to having close contact with COVID-19 patients |
60 |
Isolation group |
∙ Between groups: significantly higher stress, depression, anxiety scores in isolation group |
∙ Isolation group: 30 |
∙ Mean age=43.17 |
∙ Male:Female=12:18 |
∙ Control group: 30 |
∙ Ctrl group |
∙ Before and after social isolation: significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein, stress, anxiety, sleep disturbance. |
∙ Mean age=45.00 |
∙ Male:Female=15:15 |
Llesuy & Sidelnik (2020) |
Canada |
Case report |
∙ Hospitalized for 2 weeks |
1 |
∙ Age=50 |
∙ Febrile to 101.3° F, respiratory distress with oxygen saturation of 92%, and a chest X-ray showing bilateral opacities. |
∙ Sex=Female |
∙ C-reactive protein of 330.4 mg/L, lymphopenia to 900/μL, and hemoglobin A1c of 8% |
∙ Worsening hypoxemia, vaginal bleeding, and hypotension. |
∙ Died due to pulmonary embolus |
L. Zeng at al. (2020) |
China |
Case report |
∙ Psychological counseling, supportive psychotherapy |
1 |
∙ Age=57 |
∙ The levels of tension, panic, and anxiety (aggression and paranoia) increased |
∙ Sex=Male |
∙ The level of alanine aminotransferase increased |
∙ drug replacement, complex medication |
∙ The number of cluster of differentiation 3+ T, cluster of differentiation 4+ T, B cells was below the normal range |
∙ immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G, increased |
D. Tzur at al. (2021a) |
Israel |
Cohort study |
∙ Not available |
51,078 |
∙ Mean age=51.94 |
∙ Individuals with schizophrenia presented |
∙ Schizophrenia group: 25,539 |
∙ Male:Female=31,141:19,937 |
∙ A significantly sharper incline in probability of COVID-19 hospitalization |
∙ Control group: 25539 |
∙ A significantly sharper decline in survival rates |
∙ A milder incline for vaccination as time progressed |
D. Tzur at al. (2021b) |
Israel |
Cohort study |
∙ Not available |
51,078 |
∙ Mean age of chizophrenia group=51.51 |
∙ People in schizophrenia group |
∙ Schizophrenia group: 25,539 |
∙ Mean age of control group: 51.37 |
∙ were significantly more likely to be tested for COVID-19 |
∙ Control group: 25,539 |
∙ Male:Female= 31,141:19,937 |
∙ were less likely to test positive for COVID-19 |
∙ were twice as likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19 (morbidity) |
∙ were 3 times more likely to experience COVID-19 (mortality) |
G. Fond et al. (2021a) |
France |
Cohort study |
∙ Not available |
50,750 |
Schizophrenia group |
∙ The schizophrenia (SCZ) patients had an increased in-hospital mortality compared with controls. |
∙ Schizophrenia group: 823 |
∙ Mean age=Not available |
∙ Significant interactions between SCZ and age for mortality and ICU admission were observed. |
∙ Control group: 49,927 |
∙ Male:Female=402:421 |
∙ SCZ patients between 65 and 80 years had a significantly higher risk of death than controls of the same age. |
∙ Control group |
∙ SCZ patients younger than 55 years had more ICU admissions and SCZ patients between 65 and 80 years and older than 80 years had less ICU admissions than controls of the same age. |
∙ Mean age=Not available |
∙ Male:Female=28,416:21,511 |
Civan et al. (2021) |
Turkey |
Cross-sectional study |
∙ Not available |
396 |
∙ Mean age=41.7 |
∙ 15.9% of the participants were in relapse |
∙ Male:Female=247:149 |
∙ 73% of the participants could not visit outpatient visit due to anxiety of contracting COVID-19 |
∙ 59.5% of the participants get their medicines from pharmacy without prescription |
∙ 7% of the participants followed psychiatrists online. |
G.Fond at al. (2021b) |
France |
Case control study |
∙ Not available |
1,092 |
Schizophrenia group |
∙ Schizophrenia patients had an increased mortality compared to the nonschizophrenia patients (26.7%:8.7%) |
∙ Schizophrenia group: 15 |
∙ Median age=62.5 |
∙ Male:Female=11:4 |
∙ Control group: 1,077 |
∙ Control group |
∙ Schizophrenia patients were not more frequently admitted to the ICU than the non-non- schizophrenia patients (13.3%:17.6%) |
∙ Median age=62.0 |
∙ Male:Female=582:495 |
Kikutani et al. (2021) |
Spain |
Cross sectional study |
∙ Undergoing inpatient treatment due to schizophrenia with Infection care |
44 |
∙ Mean age=68.86 |
∙ Decreasing Food Intake Level Scale score in 14 subjects ∙ 6 subjects transitioned from oral feeding to parenteral feeding |
∙ Male:Female=13:31 |
∙ A≥10% weight loss during infection treatment |
∙ Chlorpromazine equivalents, comorbidities, and number of days of hospitalization showed no associations with decreased eating function. |
S. Moga et al. (2021) |
Romania |
Cross sectional study |
∙ Isolated a special designated unit of the same hospital as consequence of Romanian Government Policy at the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic |
202 |
Schizophrenia group |
∙ Some markers of inflammation (CRP and fibrinogen) were significantly lower in Schizophrenia patients |
∙ Schizophrenia group: 101 |
∙ Mean age=54.30 |
∙ Male:Female=51:50 |
∙ Control group: 101 |
∙ Control group |
∙ The duration from infection to diagnosis and the start of symptomatic treatment was shorter for the group with SCZ (4.2±3.2 vs 5.3±4.6, p<.05). |
∙ Mean age=54.31 |
∙ Male:Female=53:48 |
Ma et al. (2021) |
China |
Cross sectional study |
∙ Admitted isolation ward |
21 |
∙ Mean age=43.1 |
∙ The scores of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were not significant (p=.225 baseline vs. diagnosed, p=.399 cured vs. diagnosed). |
∙ Male:Female=9:12 |
∙ Chinese Perceived Stress Scale scores increased significantly after diagnosis and transfer to the isolation ward (p<.001 baseline vs. diagnosed, p<.001 cured vs. diagnosed). |
∙ The course of schizophrenia was a protective factor of stress levels to cases (t=−3.25, p=.006), and patients’ perception of COVID-19 was a risk factor (t=2.48, p=.038). |
K. Kotlarska et al. (2022) |
Poland |
Phenomenology |
∙ Not available |
10 |
∙ Mean age=36.70 |
∙ First reaction to information about the pandemic: anxiety, depression, indifference/disbelief |
∙ Male:Female=7:3 |
∙ Subjective assessment of the pandemic’s impact on patients’ mental health |
∙ Patients’ attitudes towards temporary limitations and lockdowns. |
∙ Psychiatric treatment and psychotherapy during the pandemic. |
S. Kisely et al (2022) |
Australia |
Cross sectional study |
∙ Not available |
7873 |
∙ Mean age=44.36 |
∙ A small (5.7%) reduction in the number of antipsychotics dispensed from new prescriptions requiring a consultation, from 15,244 to 14,372, between April and May 2019 and the same period in 2020, respectively. |
∙ Male:Female=4,297:3,576 |
∙ This reduction was not statistically significant (p=.75) after adjusting for treatment class, age, gender, location and provider type. |
A. Escolà-Gascón (2022) |
Spain |
Quasi-experimental |
∙ Social-health restriction in the general population |
121 |
Patients with schizophrenia |
∙ Psychotic-like experiences increased significantly after 132 days of social-health restrictions in the general population |
∙ Patients with schizophrenia: 39 |
∙ Mean age=54.31 |
∙ Male:Female=53:48 |
∙ Patient with other mental disorders: 43 |
∙ Patient with other mental disorders |
∙ Psychotic-like experiences did not increase in patients with schizophrenia |
∙ Mean age=54.31 |
∙ Patients with no psychiatric history: 39 |
∙ Male:Female=53:48 |
∙ Patients with no psychiatric history |
∙ Mean age=54.31 |
∙ Male:Female=53:48 |