[Al] |
E=31 firefighters, 6 Supervisors |
Cognitive theory (cognitive-behavioral leadership and stress management) |
Multi-component leadership intervention |
•5 hours leader match training |
1 time |
8 hrs |
V |
|
V |
|
•Job stressors/SOOS |
•There were improvements on certain stress-related symptoms indices reported by the sample of experimental group |
•2 hours psycho-educational cognitive-behavioral stress-management |
•Job satisfaction/VAS |
C=166 firefighters, 4 supervisors |
•Ability to attain career goals/VAS |
•1 hour video tape and discussion |
•Stress symptom/SOS |
•Posttraumatic events/IES |
•Supervisory behavior/Ratings of Supervisory behavior |
•Job injury/Records of on-the-job injury |
[A2] |
20 male Italian firefighters |
Behavioral theory (Simulated exposure training method) |
Simulated firefighting rescue intervention |
•4 exercise modes in a circuit with no rest |
1 time |
12 mins |
V |
|
V |
|
•Present stress/STAI |
•There is no differences between pre-intervention and post intervention for stress and mood. |
•1st exercise mode: climb a firemen's ladder and descend a three-story building carrying a 20 kg (child) dummy (child rescue) |
•Mood/POMS |
•2nd exercise mode: run for 250 m |
•Maximal aerobic power/HR, VC02, V02 |
•The hormonal changes were attributable to the intense physical stress of the simulated intervention. |
•3rd exercise mode: complete a maze in a dark chamber (find an exit) |
•Hormonal change/salivary alph-amylase values, cortisol |
•4th exercise mode: run for 250 m |
[A3] |
48 participants enrolled in a Certified Firefighters II Academy course |
Behavioral theory (stress exposure training method) |
Live-fire exercises |
•Scenario : fighting fires while searching for simulated victims in a six-story "tower" |
1 time |
None |
V |
|
V |
|
•Anxiety/STAI |
•Repeated exposure to the same scenario late in phased training decreases stress and cognitive difficulties reported on future exposure to the same scenario. |
•Scenario 2: two-story building with several rooms on each floor |
•Cognitive difficulties/Reports of five cognitive difficulties |
•Two iterations of the tower scenario followed by one iteration of the two-stoiy scenario |
[A4] |
E: 21, C: 20 firefighters |
Cognitive theory (cognivitve behavioral therapy, stress management) |
Stress management program |
•Irrational belief & behavior research stage: self introduction, stress recognition |
4 weeks (8 times) |
60 mins |
V |
|
V |
|
•Problenvfocused coping strategies/Stress coping scale |
•The program providing cognitive behavior therapy is an effective nursing intervention for improving problenvfocused coping and decreasing depression in firefighters. |
•Rational belief reorganization stage: MBTI, Group activity, communication discrepancies between MBTI types |
•Job stress/Job stress scale |
•Behavior reorganization stage: job-stress situation and precedent, role playing |
•Depression/SCL |
•Rational behavior change stage: Communication skill training, watch anger management video and discussion |
[A5] |
E: 41, C:44 firefighters |
Cognitive theory (emotional freedom technique) |
EFT education program |
•Theoretical review: the concept, causes, and symptoms of PTSD and stress |
1 time |
5 hrs |
V |
|
V |
|
•Stress/Stress response scale |
•EFT training program significantly decreased the stress response and the PTSD. |
•EFT learning: concept of features of EFT, primary treatment process, replacement therapy process |
•PTSD/IES |
•EFT program is more effective than existing theory-focused education training program |
•EFT practice (group practice): practicing self-healing method, training to a colleague |
[A6] |
CISD: 20, Education: 28, Control: 19 |
Cognitive theory (CISD) |
Group CISD |
•90 mins CISD session: introduction, facts, thoughts, reactions, symptoms, education |
1 time |
180 mins |
V |
|
V |
|
•Distress caused by traumatic events/IES |
•CISD was associated with significantly less alcohol use and greater to quality of life. |
•Psychosocial distress/Kessler-10 |
•90 mins Education: workshop (powerpoint presentation with group discussion) |
•health-related quality of life/Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire |
•There were no significant effects on post-traumatic stress or psychological distress. |
•Alcohol consumption/self-reported that previous seven day period |
[A7] |
E: 11, C: 11 (PTSD high risk firefighters) |
Behavioral theory (NET) |
NET program |
•4 sessions of NET: encouraged to relive their trauma-related emotions until habituation was achieved. |
3 weeks (4 times) |
60-90 mins |
V |
|
|
V |
•PTSD symptoms/SPTSS |
•NET led to significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, anxiety and depression. |
•Depression & Anxiety/HADS |
•Each provided a detailed autobiography, which was recorded and revised in subsequent sessions. |
•Coping skills/Brief COPE scale |
•Coping strategies and social support led to significant changes only in follow up times |
•Social support/Social support scale |
[A8] |
E: 40, C: 40 firefighters |
None |
Music listening program |
•Consisting of 37 music including sincere music, new age music, and classical music |
10 times |
30 mins (2~3 times a week) |
V |
|
V |
|
•Job stress/KOSS |
•The listening of music intervention was effective in reducing the job stress of firefighters. |
•5 minutes of breath-taking and stretching in the introduction stage |
•20 minutes of listening to music, and 5 minutes of sharing opinions on listening to music. |
[A9] |
PTSD high risk firefighers: 43, PTSD non-high risk firefighters: 459 |
None |
Psychological support program |
•50 mins Plenary lecture: bio-psycho-social stress of firefighters, concept of trauma and PTSD etc |
8 weeks |
30-50 mins |
V |
|
V |
V |
•PTSD/PTSD Checklist-specific version |
•The program resulted in a significant decrease in depression and insomnia for firefighters. |
•Depress ion/BDI |
•Over 2 times individual counselling (30 mins) |
•Anxiety/BAI |
•Psychological examination: baseline test, endpoint test |
•Suicidal intension/SSI |
•Ins omnia/ISI |
[A10] |
170 firefighters |
None |
Integrated management program |
•Phase 1: Preventive education and screening high-risk groups |
12 months |
None |
V |
|
V |
V |
•PTSD/PTSD checklist for DSM-5, PCL-5 |
•The results of the study showed that the post-traumatic stress, depression and sleep disorder scores were significantly decreased after the program. |
•Phase 2:1~4 times personal counseling (60 mins/time) |
•Depression/PHQ-9 |
•Phase 3: Group therapy (cognitive behavior therapy, eye movement sensitivity and reprocessing therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, 4 times) |
•Insomnia/AIS |
[A11] |
E: 22, C: 22 (PTSD high risk firefighters) |
None |
Education, individual counselling, group therapy |
•60 mins Education: self-strengthening training to prevent PTSD and depression |
8 weeks (5 times) |
10-120 mins |
V |
|
V |
V |
•PTSD/PCL-5 |
•Participants in the experimental showed significantly decreased corse of PTSD and depression. |
•10〜60 mins individual counselling |
•Depress ion/PHQ-9 |
•60 mins meditation |
•60~120 mins EMDR |
•60 mins CBT |
[A12] |
29 full-time firefighters |
Cognitive theory (ACT) |
Internet-based ACT |
•Resilience work mindfulness program; 6 iterative internet-based training sessions to complete on a tablet or computer. |
6 weeks (6 times) |
20-25 mins |
|
V |
|
V |
•Resilience/CD-RISC 10 |
•Participants reported greater levels of resilience and lower levels of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. |
•Cognitive fusion and defusion/CFQ |
•Psychological flexibility/AAQ-II |
[A13] |
90 Firefighter, |
None |
Camp program |
•Relaxation therapy, forest therapy, art therapy, outdoor physical activity, VIBTI, group counselling, individual counselling by psychiatrist |
3 nights and 4 days |
None |
V |
|
V |
V |
•Stress/PSS |
•The stress was lower than before the camp, lasting up to six months after the camp, but the depression decreased only after the camp. |
•Stress domain/GARS |
•PTSD/IES-R |
•Depress ion/BDI |
[A14] |
E: 12, C: 12 firefighters |
Cognitive theory (mindfulness-based stress reduction) |
Mindfulness based body-psychologic al exercise program |
•20 mins theoretical content and practice of mindfulness techniques |
6 weeks (12 times) |
2 hrs |
V |
|
V |
|
•Quality of life/WHOQOL |
•The results revealed that psychological satisfaction of life, PTSD symptoms, and cardiovascular problems were statistically significantly reduced. |
•80 mins mindfulness yoga (composed of Hathayoga, breathing and meditation) |
•PTSD/IES-R-K |
•Physical symptom/Physical symptom scale |
•20 mins sharing thoughts |
•Somatosensory/SSAS |
[A15] |
CBT-Long (CBT-L): 49, CBT/Brief (CBT-B): 44 (PTSD high risk firefighters) |
Behavioral theory (Exposure-based cognitive behaviour therapy) |
Exposure-based CBT |
•CBT-L & CBT-B: 1 psychoeducation, 4 CBT skills training, 6 imaginal and in vivo exposure, 1 relapse prevention |
12 weeks (12 times) |
CBT-L: 90 mins CBT-B: 60 mins |
V |
|
V |
|
•PTSD/CAPS |
•There were no differences between CBT-L and CBT-B at follow-up on primary or secondary outcome measures but both CBT-L and CBT-B had large baseline to follow-up effect sizes for reduction of PTSD symptoms. |
•Depression: BDI |
•Imaginal exposure occurred for 40 mins in CBT-L, 10 mins in CBT-B |
•Alcohol use: AUDIT |
•Quality of life: WHOQOL |
•Cognition/PTCI |
[A16] |
E: 83, C: 60 firefighters |
Cognitive theory (mindfulness-based stress reduction) |
|
•RAW Mindfulness Program: 6 online training sessions |
6 weeks (6 times) |
20-25 mins |
|
V |
|
V |
•Resilience/CD-RISC,BRS |
•The mindfulness-based resilience training delivered in an internet format can create improvements in adaptive resilience. |
Resilience® Work mindfulness program |
•Mindfulness/FMI-14 |
•Each session consists of interactive exercise, audio, and animation is used to teach resilience skills. |
•Cognitive fusion and defusion: CFQ |
•Experiential avoidance & psychological inflexibility/AAQ |
•Compassion/SCS-SF |
•Optimism/LOT-R |
•Coping/Brief-COPE |
[A17] |
80 firefighters |
Cognitive theory (mind subtraction meditation) |
Mind subtraction meditation- based healing program |
•Day 1: Reflection on mind, mind subtraction meditation, outside meditation |
2 nights and 3 days |
None |
V |
|
V |
|
•PTSD/IES-R-K |
•The mind subtraction meditation-based healing program was effective in reducing the posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and intrusive ruminations of firefighters. |
•Day 2: Vlind subtraction meditation, activity (walk, ziptrack, potteiy making) |
•Event rumination/K-EKRI |
•Day 3: Vlind subtraction meditation, group work (resolution to a new beginning, verbalize feelings and learnings) |
[A18] |
293 firefighters |
None |
Forest therapy program |
•Forest therapy |
4 nights and 5 days |
None |
V |
|
V |
|
•PTSD/PCL-5-K |
•The PTSD results showed a significant decreased after the program. |
•Psycho therapy |
•Mood/K-POMS-B |
•Hydro therapy |
•Balance therapy |
•Results of the POMS revealed an increase in positive factors and decrease in negative factors after the program. |
•Aroma therapy |
•Healing Equipment Experience Program |
[A19] |
No training controls: 48, Relaxation training (RT): 31, Vlind fulness training (MT): 42 |
Cognitive theory (mindfulness-Based attention training, cognitive behavioral therapy) |
Vlind fulness and relaxation training |
•Mindfulness program: concentration, body awareness, open monitoring, and connection |
4 weeks (4 times) |
2 hrs |
V |
V |
V |
V |
•Resilience/CD-RISC |
•There was a significantly greater increase in psychological resilience from baseline to post training in firefighter who received mindfulness training. |
•RT program: didactic information, discussions, and practice. |
•Positive and negative affect/PANAS |
•Out-of-class formal practice assignments of 10~15mins of daily mindfulness and relaxation exercises, respectively. |
•Sustained attention/SART |
•Out-of class formal practice compliance/average number of days per week |